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Very long ago our ancestors had moral systems. Our current institutions are only a couple of thousand years old, which is really not old in the eyes of a biologist.

The rules of morality are not the conclusion of our reason.

History and experience tell us that moral progress comes not in comfortable and complacent times, but out of trial and confusion.

Morality is only moral when it is voluntary.

Morality is a test of our conformity rather than our integrity.

Morals are built on religious faith. Virtue is built on morality and influences a culture.

Morality is the custom of one's country and the current feeling of one's peers.

If our moral attitudes are entirely the result of nonrational factors, such as gut feelings and the absorption of cultural norms, they should either be stable or randomly drift over time, like skirt lengths or the widths of ties. They shouldn't show systematic change over human history. But they do.

A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life.